Natural Resources

Natural resource Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) are naturally forming substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. A natural resource's value rests in the amount and extractability of the material available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are extraction and purification, as opposed to creation.Thus, mining, petroleum extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. Schumacher in his 1973 book Small is Beautiful. [1] The term is defined by the United States Geological Survey as â€Å"The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, energy, land, water, and biota. â€Å"[2] | | Classification of natural forms Natural resources are mostly classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.Sometimes resources are classified as non-renewable even if they are technically renewable, just not easily renewed within a reasonable amount of time, such as fossil fuels. Non-renewable resources Main article: Non-renewable resource Some non-renewable resources can be renewable but take an extremely long time to renew. Fossil fuels, for example, take millions of years to form and so are not practically considered ‘renewable'. Different non-renewable resources like oil, coal, natural gas etc. have different levels of demand from different sectors like transportation and residences with each resource specializing for each sector. 3] Many environmentalists propose a tax on consumption of non renewable resources. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced or can only be replaced over thousands or millions of years. Natural capital Natural resources are natural capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructura l capital processes. [4][5] They include soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods harvested from the Earth. Both extraction of the basic resource and refining it into a purer, directly usable form, (e. g. , metals, refined oils) are generally considered natural-resource activities, even though the latter may not necessarily occur near the former.This process generates high profits due to the high demand for the natural resources and the energies that they are able to generate. A nation's natural resources often determine its wealth in the world economic system and its diplomatic, military, and political influence. Developed nations are those which are less dependent on natural resources for wealth, due to their greater reliance on infrastructural capital for production. However, some see a resource curse whereby easily obtainable natural resources could actually hurt the prospects of a national economy by fostering political corruption.Political corruption can negatively impact the national economy because time is spent giving bribes or other economically unproductive acts instead of the generation of generative economic activity. This has been seen over the years with legislation passed to appease companies who will benefit. There also tends to be concentrations of ownership over specific plots of land that have proven to yield natural resources. In recent years, the depletion of natural capital and attempts to move to sustainable development have been a major focus of development agencies.This is of particular concern in rainforest regions, which hold most of the Earth's natural biodiversity – irreplaceable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is the major focus of natural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green politics. Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations. Types of resources Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants.Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: †¢ Biotic – Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. †¢ Abiotic – Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.On the basis of the stage of development, natural resources may be called: †¢ Potential Resources – Potential resources are those which exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, mineral oil may exist in many parts of India having sedimentary rocks but till t he time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. †¢ Actual Resources are those which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. For example, the petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained from the Bombay High Fields.The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource which can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve. On the basis of renewability, natural resources can be categorized into: †¢ Renewable Resources – Renewable resources are the ones which can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not affected by human consumption.Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer. †¢ Non-renewable Resources – Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them.But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled. On the basis of ownership,resources can be classified into:individual,community,national,and international Individual resources: Human resources Human beings are also considered to be resources because they have the ability to change raw materials into valuable resources. The term Human resources can also be defined as the skills, energies, talents, abilities and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of services. While taking into account human beings as resources, the following things have to be kept in mind: †¢ The size of the population The capabilities of the individuals in that population Resource use and sustainable development Many resources cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be processed in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The rising demand coupled with the over-consumption of resources has led to several problems: †¢ Resource depletion Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few †¢ Environmental degradation †¢ Tragedy of the commons †¢ Resource curse Uses of our Natural Resources Rock and mineral resources have a wide variety of uses and play a huge role in our lives The Mineral Information Institute has a poster showing how much of a variety of minerals each person uses in his or her lifetime. Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide variety of minerals. Minerals found in Tennessee which people need include: calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and zinc.Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light, heat and run our world. Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer to plastics, from toothpaste to kitty litter, from knives to plates. Minerals are common ingredients in pigments. In fact, some of the earliest uses of minerals were as pigments. Minerals also play an important role in the processing of materials. Bentonite is important in well drilling, Barite is important in oil drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel |Resource |How are our resources used? characteristics exploited) | |Barite | Used in oil drilling to weigh down the oil and prevent gushers (high specific gravity), filler in paint, glass, | | |toothpaste. | |Chert |Used to make stone tools. (hardness, fracture patterns). Used as fill to provide a stable base for roads | | |(insolubility) | |Clay |Used to make pottery and bricks.Used for pet litter (ability to absorb water) | |Chalcopyrite (copper)|Copper is used to make electrical wiring (electrical conductivity). Used in alloys – bronze and brass (low | | |melting point, beauty, resistance to oxidation) Used as an ingredient in pigments (blue and green) | |Coal |Used as a fuel (flammable). The oils and tars produced processing coal are processed into a variety of organic | | |solvents and compounds such as plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar substitute. |Fluorite |Used as a flux – i. e. used as an intermediate chemical to separate metals from waste material. Another important | | |product made from fluorite is hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the pottery, optics, and plastics industry. | | |Fluorite is also used in making opalescent glass and in enameling cookware. | |Galena (lead) |The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries. It is also used as weights (high specific gravity).Used as | | |an ingredient in solder (soft, low melting point. ). Until recently it was also used as an ingredient in paint and| | |as an additive in gasoline to make engines run more smoothly. | |Gypsum |Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in cement. | |Ilmenite (titanium) |Titanium is used in alloys to make strong light-weight materials – space ships, bicycles Used to make white paint| | |- non-toxic replacement for lead, which used to be used for this purpose. low reactivity) | |Iron |Iron is used for tools, for appliances, for building supports. It is also used as a pigment (red and ochre) | |Limestone |Limestone is used as building stone, for ornamental stone f or surfaces and sculpture, to make cement and mortar, | | |as crushed stone for fill | |Mussel Shells |Mussel shells were used as ceremonial objects.European Americans have used shells as ornaments – buttons and | | |pearls for jewelry. | |Oil/Natural Gas |Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the chemical industry to produce petroleum based | | |products notably plastics. | |Phosphate |Phosphate is used as a fertilizer and to make phosphoric acid which is a major ingredient in food products such | | |as cola drinks. | |Saltpeter |Saltpeter was used as a fertilizer (source of nitrogen) and as an ingredient in gunpowder.It has now been | | |replaced by the related compound ammonium nitrate which can be manufactured in the laboratory. | |Sand & Gravel |Sand and gravel are used as fill to provide a stable foundation for buildings and roads. | |Sandstone |Sandstone is used as a building material. | |Sphalerite (zinc) |Zinc is used as an ingredient in brass (wit h copper). It is used to coat (galvanize) iron implements to protect | | |them from rusting.It is used as a pigment (white) | Natural resources are raw materials we use to make other products. These include trees, minerals, aquatic life, gravel, coal, and many others. How can businesses remove these resources from an area and still maintain a working landscape? Responsible businesses know that they can make money producing products or gathering natural resources while they minimize the damage to their surroundings. Take a look at some products and possible damage from forestry, mining, and aquaculture.Forestry The forest industry is made up of businesses involved in the growing and harvesting of trees and other plant life from forests. |Products |Damages | |wood products |They provide lumber or timber for |clearcutting |Removing a large block of trees exposes ground, which is| | |building houses, boats, decks, and | |vulnerable to soil erosion. | |furniture. | | | |paper |They cre ate pulp to make paper and |log jams |Over cutting may result in logs piling up and blocking | | |paper products. | |the natural flow of water. | |Christmas trees |They grow, cut, and sell Christmas |lost recreational |Forest landscapes are degraded. Who wants to visit a | | |trees. value |forest with no trees, or a river clogged with trees? | |landscaping |They fulfill our landscaping needs |lost renewable |New trees may not be planted. Forests are not renewable | | |with trees and plants. |resource |resources unless trees are planted to replace the trees | | | | |cut down. This also displaces wildlife. | MiningMining is the process or business of removing ore, soil, rock, and minerals from the ground or from mountains. |Products |Damages | |Coins |Historically and currently used as |Reclamation | | |money. |Reclamation means restoring land that has been altered.Mining pits must be | | | |reclaimed after mining operations cease. Poor mining practices can destroy the| | | |environme nt and cost taxpayers a lot of money in clean-up. | | | |Habitat destruction | | | |Animal habitats are destroyed and biodiversity is compromised. | | |Pollution | | | |Mining by-products, called tailings, can pollute our air and water. | |Gold/Silver Standards|Influence the value of currency. | | |Fossil Fuels |Provide fuel by burning. | |Nutrition |Minerals are often used in vitamins. | | |Building Materials |Provide materials used in | | | |construction like aluminum and | | | |concrete. | |Jewelry |Gold, silver, diamonds and other | | | |precious stones provide material for | | | |jewelry. | |Gravel |Gravel is used to build roads and is | | | |mixed into cement to form concrete. | | Aquaculture Aquaculture is the business of raising marine or freshwater fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. |Products |Damages | |Oyster |Netpens |   |Areas of waterways that are lined off by nets; these result in large quantities of waste (just like other forms of intensive | | |animal production). | | | | | |Aquaculture Waste | | |Processing wastes are often released directly into natural bodies of water. | | | | |Protein | | |Many fish are carnivorous—they eat meat. The food provided in fish farms may not contain meat protein. The fish who eat this | | |food do not possess the same amount of protein as their natural counterparts. This can result in a less healthy fish. | | | | |Mangroves | | |Fishing operations (shrimp farms in particular) have damaged mangroves—trees and shrubs forming buffering boundaries between | | |land and saltwater environments. (This is an important ecosystem along coastlines. | |Clams | | |   | | |Shrimp | | |   | | |Lobster | | |   | | |Salmon | | |   | | |Trout | | |   | | Natural Resources Natural resource Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) are naturally forming substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form. A natural resource's value rests in the amount and extractability of the material available and the demand for it. The latter is determined by its usefulness to production. A commodity is generally considered a natural resource when the primary activities associated with it are extraction and purification, as opposed to creation.Thus, mining, petroleum extraction, fishing, hunting, and forestry are generally considered natural-resource industries, while agriculture is not. The term was introduced to a broad audience by E. F. Schumacher in his 1973 book Small is Beautiful. [1] The term is defined by the United States Geological Survey as â€Å"The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, energy, land, water, and biota. â€Å"[2] | | Classification of natural forms Natural resources are mostly classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.Sometimes resources are classified as non-renewable even if they are technically renewable, just not easily renewed within a reasonable amount of time, such as fossil fuels. Non-renewable resources Main article: Non-renewable resource Some non-renewable resources can be renewable but take an extremely long time to renew. Fossil fuels, for example, take millions of years to form and so are not practically considered ‘renewable'. Different non-renewable resources like oil, coal, natural gas etc. have different levels of demand from different sectors like transportation and residences with each resource specializing for each sector. 3] Many environmentalists propose a tax on consumption of non renewable resources. Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced or can only be replaced over thousands or millions of years. Natural capital Natural resources are natural capital converted to commodity inputs to infrastructura l capital processes. [4][5] They include soil, timber, oil, minerals, and other goods harvested from the Earth. Both extraction of the basic resource and refining it into a purer, directly usable form, (e. g. , metals, refined oils) are generally considered natural-resource activities, even though the latter may not necessarily occur near the former.This process generates high profits due to the high demand for the natural resources and the energies that they are able to generate. A nation's natural resources often determine its wealth in the world economic system and its diplomatic, military, and political influence. Developed nations are those which are less dependent on natural resources for wealth, due to their greater reliance on infrastructural capital for production. However, some see a resource curse whereby easily obtainable natural resources could actually hurt the prospects of a national economy by fostering political corruption.Political corruption can negatively impact the national economy because time is spent giving bribes or other economically unproductive acts instead of the generation of generative economic activity. This has been seen over the years with legislation passed to appease companies who will benefit. There also tends to be concentrations of ownership over specific plots of land that have proven to yield natural resources. In recent years, the depletion of natural capital and attempts to move to sustainable development have been a major focus of development agencies.This is of particular concern in rainforest regions, which hold most of the Earth's natural biodiversity – irreplaceable genetic natural capital. Conservation of natural resources is the major focus of natural capitalism, environmentalism, the ecology movement, and green politics. Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations. Types of resources Natural Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants.Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: †¢ Biotic – Biotic resources are the ones which are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. †¢ Abiotic – Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc.On the basis of the stage of development, natural resources may be called: †¢ Potential Resources – Potential resources are those which exist in a region and may be used in the future. For example, mineral oil may exist in many parts of India having sedimentary rocks but till t he time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. †¢ Actual Resources are those which have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times. For example, the petroleum and the natural gas which is obtained from the Bombay High Fields.The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource which can be developed profitably with available technology is called a reserve. On the basis of renewability, natural resources can be categorized into: †¢ Renewable Resources – Renewable resources are the ones which can be replenished or reproduced easily. Some of them, like sunlight, air, wind, etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not affected by human consumption.Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, like agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, like water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, like forests, take even longer. †¢ Non-renewable Resources – Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they get depleted. Out of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them.But coal and petroleum cannot be recycled. On the basis of ownership,resources can be classified into:individual,community,national,and international Individual resources: Human resources Human beings are also considered to be resources because they have the ability to change raw materials into valuable resources. The term Human resources can also be defined as the skills, energies, talents, abilities and knowledge that are used for the production of goods or the rendering of services. While taking into account human beings as resources, the following things have to be kept in mind: †¢ The size of the population The capabilities of the individuals in that population Resource use and sustainable development Many resources cannot be consumed in their original form. They have to be processed in order to change them into more usable commodities. This is known as resource development. With the rise in human numbers all over the world, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in distribution of resources to different regions or countries. Developed countries use more resources than developing countries. The rising demand coupled with the over-consumption of resources has led to several problems: †¢ Resource depletion Accumulation of resources in the hands of a few †¢ Environmental degradation †¢ Tragedy of the commons †¢ Resource curse Uses of our Natural Resources Rock and mineral resources have a wide variety of uses and play a huge role in our lives The Mineral Information Institute has a poster showing how much of a variety of minerals each person uses in his or her lifetime. Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide variety of minerals. Minerals found in Tennessee which people need include: calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and zinc.Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light, heat and run our world. Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer to plastics, from toothpaste to kitty litter, from knives to plates. Minerals are common ingredients in pigments. In fact, some of the earliest uses of minerals were as pigments. Minerals also play an important role in the processing of materials. Bentonite is important in well drilling, Barite is important in oil drilling. Fluorite is important in making steel |Resource |How are our resources used? characteristics exploited) | |Barite | Used in oil drilling to weigh down the oil and prevent gushers (high specific gravity), filler in paint, glass, | | |toothpaste. | |Chert |Used to make stone tools. (hardness, fracture patterns). Used as fill to provide a stable base for roads | | |(insolubility) | |Clay |Used to make pottery and bricks.Used for pet litter (ability to absorb water) | |Chalcopyrite (copper)|Copper is used to make electrical wiring (electrical conductivity). Used in alloys – bronze and brass (low | | |melting point, beauty, resistance to oxidation) Used as an ingredient in pigments (blue and green) | |Coal |Used as a fuel (flammable). The oils and tars produced processing coal are processed into a variety of organic | | |solvents and compounds such as plastics, motor fuel, photo developer, perfume, medicine, and sugar substitute. |Fluorite |Used as a flux – i. e. used as an intermediate chemical to separate metals from waste material. Another important | | |product made from fluorite is hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the pottery, optics, and plastics industry. | | |Fluorite is also used in making opalescent glass and in enameling cookware. | |Galena (lead) |The largest use of lead is in automotive batteries. It is also used as weights (high specific gravity).Used as | | |an ingredient in solder (soft, low melting point. ). Until recently it was also used as an ingredient in paint and| | |as an additive in gasoline to make engines run more smoothly. | |Gypsum |Gypsum is primarily used to make wallboard. It is also an ingredient in cement. | |Ilmenite (titanium) |Titanium is used in alloys to make strong light-weight materials – space ships, bicycles Used to make white paint| | |- non-toxic replacement for lead, which used to be used for this purpose. low reactivity) | |Iron |Iron is used for tools, for appliances, for building supports. It is also used as a pigment (red and ochre) | |Limestone |Limestone is used as building stone, for ornamental stone f or surfaces and sculpture, to make cement and mortar, | | |as crushed stone for fill | |Mussel Shells |Mussel shells were used as ceremonial objects.European Americans have used shells as ornaments – buttons and | | |pearls for jewelry. | |Oil/Natural Gas |Oil and natural gas are used as fuels and ingredients in the chemical industry to produce petroleum based | | |products notably plastics. | |Phosphate |Phosphate is used as a fertilizer and to make phosphoric acid which is a major ingredient in food products such | | |as cola drinks. | |Saltpeter |Saltpeter was used as a fertilizer (source of nitrogen) and as an ingredient in gunpowder.It has now been | | |replaced by the related compound ammonium nitrate which can be manufactured in the laboratory. | |Sand & Gravel |Sand and gravel are used as fill to provide a stable foundation for buildings and roads. | |Sandstone |Sandstone is used as a building material. | |Sphalerite (zinc) |Zinc is used as an ingredient in brass (wit h copper). It is used to coat (galvanize) iron implements to protect | | |them from rusting.It is used as a pigment (white) | Natural resources are raw materials we use to make other products. These include trees, minerals, aquatic life, gravel, coal, and many others. How can businesses remove these resources from an area and still maintain a working landscape? Responsible businesses know that they can make money producing products or gathering natural resources while they minimize the damage to their surroundings. Take a look at some products and possible damage from forestry, mining, and aquaculture.Forestry The forest industry is made up of businesses involved in the growing and harvesting of trees and other plant life from forests. |Products |Damages | |wood products |They provide lumber or timber for |clearcutting |Removing a large block of trees exposes ground, which is| | |building houses, boats, decks, and | |vulnerable to soil erosion. | |furniture. | | | |paper |They cre ate pulp to make paper and |log jams |Over cutting may result in logs piling up and blocking | | |paper products. | |the natural flow of water. | |Christmas trees |They grow, cut, and sell Christmas |lost recreational |Forest landscapes are degraded. Who wants to visit a | | |trees. value |forest with no trees, or a river clogged with trees? | |landscaping |They fulfill our landscaping needs |lost renewable |New trees may not be planted. Forests are not renewable | | |with trees and plants. |resource |resources unless trees are planted to replace the trees | | | | |cut down. This also displaces wildlife. | MiningMining is the process or business of removing ore, soil, rock, and minerals from the ground or from mountains. |Products |Damages | |Coins |Historically and currently used as |Reclamation | | |money. |Reclamation means restoring land that has been altered.Mining pits must be | | | |reclaimed after mining operations cease. Poor mining practices can destroy the| | | |environme nt and cost taxpayers a lot of money in clean-up. | | | |Habitat destruction | | | |Animal habitats are destroyed and biodiversity is compromised. | | |Pollution | | | |Mining by-products, called tailings, can pollute our air and water. | |Gold/Silver Standards|Influence the value of currency. | | |Fossil Fuels |Provide fuel by burning. | |Nutrition |Minerals are often used in vitamins. | | |Building Materials |Provide materials used in | | | |construction like aluminum and | | | |concrete. | |Jewelry |Gold, silver, diamonds and other | | | |precious stones provide material for | | | |jewelry. | |Gravel |Gravel is used to build roads and is | | | |mixed into cement to form concrete. | | Aquaculture Aquaculture is the business of raising marine or freshwater fish or shellfish under controlled conditions. |Products |Damages | |Oyster |Netpens |   |Areas of waterways that are lined off by nets; these result in large quantities of waste (just like other forms of intensive | | |animal production). | | | | | |Aquaculture Waste | | |Processing wastes are often released directly into natural bodies of water. | | | | |Protein | | |Many fish are carnivorous—they eat meat. The food provided in fish farms may not contain meat protein. The fish who eat this | | |food do not possess the same amount of protein as their natural counterparts. This can result in a less healthy fish. | | | | |Mangroves | | |Fishing operations (shrimp farms in particular) have damaged mangroves—trees and shrubs forming buffering boundaries between | | |land and saltwater environments. (This is an important ecosystem along coastlines. | |Clams | | |   | | |Shrimp | | |   | | |Lobster | | |   | | |Salmon | | |   | | |Trout | | |   | |

Learning Theories A Learning Theory - 1164 Words

Learning theories video script 8) What is meant by learning theories? Learning theories are essentially explanations of how learning occurs represented through conceptual frameworks in order to explain changes in behaviour and how knowledge is absorbed, processed and retained during learning. The learning theory adopted during teaching as well as cognitive, emotional, environmental influences and prior experience, all play a part in: A change in individual’s knowledge Ability to perform a skill Or participation in an activity with other individuals All of which are referred to as representations of learning occurring in an individual. Learning theories can be applied in different education scenarios in order to provide structure in a†¦show more content†¦The behaviourist theory; contiguity is the close association of two events – commonly the cause and effect’ principle that underpins behaviourism. Contiguity is often used as a rewards system, such as a prize or sticker for achievement in school work. Unlike classical and contiguity theories which are ultimately based on the association, operant conditioning is a learning strategy in which behaviour is influenced by the threat of consequence or punishment - such as having to repeat a test if mistakes are made. The behaviourism learning theory makes use of any number of these three main strategies as a learning tool. Because behaviourism may incorporate many different teaching methods in it the results produced in regards to effective teaching may vary depending on the individual student, age of student audience and subject of teaching matter. Classical conditioning and contiguity are likely to be effective strategies when teaching for many students as they both establish close mental links between ideas or phenomenon that allow memory recall and expansion of knowledge to occur at greater ease. 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This reading activity was designed for a small group of fourRead MoreThe Learning Theory And Its Importance1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe learning Theory and its importance There exist several theories that support learning. These are the conceptual guidelines and frameworks that explain how information from a tutor is absorbed by students, processed and then retained. According to Fontana, (1984) in behaviorism theories of learning, a learner is born blank, and they only obtain their behavior from the environment. He or she is perceived to be passive responding to the environment he or she operates in. Fontana adds that a learner’sRead MoreLearning Theory, Vak, And The Learning Pyramid2495 Words   |  10 Pageswithin learning and education, there are multiple methods and techniques that individuals believe are the key to knowledge and learning. There are many theorists who have produced models to represent their views and which throughout, I will be able to use to debate my own learning experiences. Examples include Kolb’s learning theory, VAK, VARK and the learning pyramid. What is learning? Many explanations exist for the term learning and Read MoreConstructivism And The Learning Theory1346 Words   |  6 PagesTransfer of Learning: Constructivism Constructivism is the learning theory that focuses on observation by acquiring data and thereafter reexamining, altering, and updating information to be useful in the present time. Humans process experiences, knowledge, and conception of life based on their impressions of their past. As individuals experience an unfamiliar event, they will attempt to integrate it with their knowledge and past, therefore replacing old outdated or incorrect data with new more pertinentRead MoreThe Reflection Of Learning Theory1900 Words   |  8 PagesReflections of Learning Theory Learning to Read As someone who struggled with reading, the process I went through in regards to my early reading instruction was frustrating and difficult. I was a public schools student from pre-school through second grade. During my years in pre-school and kindergarten, I remember learning the letters of the alphabet and the sounds that accompany each letter. As time progressed and I reached second grade, I began struggling with reading words. Due to my struggle

Drunk Drivers DonT Get Their License Suspended - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1976 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Drunk Driving Essay Did you like this example? Why dont drunk drivers dont get their license suspended or lose their license for a long time? If someone is convicted of caught drunk driving he or she should lose his or her license for 2 years and then retake their driving test. Then when they feel like a responsible adult who cares about other peoples lives and one who wont hurt a others by drunk driving after drinking too much at a party or a family gathering. Also, drunk drivers need to get jail time in some instances. Also, think that if the person did not get punished they could kill which may result in others getting hurt who are very innocent people. Also, do you really want to go to jail for killing someone that is very innocent while you are drunk as hell from a party or family gathering? If you dont get into trouble you will feel guilty as ever for killing a human being minding their darn business by just walking or running or bike riding or exercising to stay fit and healthy. Drunk drivers should have a longer span from their license because others think that losing license for one year will teach the woman or man or teenager a lesson, but if the drunk drivers dont get a consequence that will teach them nothing but to keep on doing their bad behavior of killing someone while they were drunk or high. do you really want to go to jail? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drunk Drivers DonT Get Their License Suspended" essay for you Create order That would be a very scary place and no one belongs them unless you committed a crime that involves murder theft and other things. Also, that will teach them hopefully to drink a responsible amount of alcohol that enters the body at a party or family gathering or holiday parties too. So I feel that if this happens the police will start giving them jail time to start to think about the damage they have done to the world and the people who they either killed or injured severely. If this jail time doesnt work then the drunk driver will lose their licenses for 5 to 6 years to be able to go to rehab to be a leader to their children who look up to the parents as good role models to make positive actions and a positive role model. Drunk drivers who are men and women and some teenagers need to think about what theyre doing and the consequences they could receive from their bad choices or bad influence to their younger and older children and teenagers. Police should give the drunk driver 2 warnings and then after that, they go to jail for 3 years. In all states, first offense DUI or DWI is classified as a misdemeanor and punishable by up to six months in jail. Jail time mark by increased under certain circumstances. Fines in addition to sentences or can be played in high fees from $ 500 to $2,000 dollars to pay for being in jail for a long time for doing the wrong thing which is drunk driving that kills people or several injure the person. Fact: In 2014 9,967 people died in a drunk driving crash. In the United States, someone is killed in an alcohol-related crash every 51 minutes. Someone is injured in a drunk driving incident every 120 seconds basically every two minutes. 10,497 deaths from alcohol-impaired driving in the United States in 2016. 1,223 children and under killed in a drunk driving crash in 2016. In the United States alone someone is killed by a drunk driver every 45 minutes. Drunk driving most commonly occurs in rural countries than in major cities. After getting out of jail from drunk driving the woman or man or teenager should go to rehab to stay sober. One opposing fact that people think drunk drivers shouldnt go to jail for injuring someone or killing someone for being irresponsible for driving while drunk. There should be restrictions for getting out of jail and cant get their license for 30 days after being outta jail for a while then start to drive to places that arent that far away. People think that drunk drivers should not go to jail because they made a choice to become drunk at a party or family gathering or a holiday party. Other people think that the drunk driving law should be abolished because it doesnt work anybody learns from drunk driving some do though and those who do learn their lesson they right away either go to rehab or some special treatment to be sober for a while so they other people have the same problem as them and they arent the only ones who have a drinking problem. On the other side, the people who dont get drunk think that jail time is mandatory so the drunk drivers can learn their lesson that they could kill someone. In addition to legal penalties, the drivers insurance company may cancel the insurance policy or drastically increase the rates because of the hit to the persons driving record. What do I think I should know about the issue of drunk driving? I think I should know more about drunk drivers and the signs the driver gives when he/she is drunk driving. Drunk drivers are very dangerous people. Drivers who are drunk lets police officers know that youre an irresponsible driver and can not how much he/she has drunk at a party or a family with only adults and no kids. Drunk drivers are reckless and very dangerous around human beings on the road and on the sidewalks. Drunk drivers are unaware of their surroundings and have a hard time seeing things clearly. So I think drunk drivers should go to jail for two or more years, to learn their damn lesson of being drunk around little kids, and should retake their temps tests and then retake their drivers licenses to get there licenses over again. Drunk driving is so dangerous that when the young or old adult is drunk they dont realize that they are hurting their loved ones and their embarrassing there friends by being drunk and doing something stupid like having sex with another woman when youre married to a woman who loves you so very much deep inside her heart. I really hope that one day people will realize that when theyre drunk to get a friend or family member to call them and ask them for a ride home because theyre too drunk to drive home safely. The drunk driver should ask a sober friend or family member home and hope they realize that they made a wrong choice. What is one argument about the issue of drinking while drunk? Most people have been to a part in their life where they dont know if he or she is drinking too much alcohol at a party or a family gathering. Some people have a few too much to drink while at a bar and then he or she gets into the car and starts to drive while under the influence of alcohol. Some people think am I over the legal limit of being drunk at a bar or party or a family gathering. Some men and women think is my driving, dangerous right now, am I going to kill someone then go to jail for the rest of my life? Some people think will my arrest/ punishment would not be for reckless driving, it would be because he or she failed the test of drinking way too much anywhere in the world. Murray Rothbard once told someone that he thinks drunk driving should be legal. When he said that it stunned and shocked everyone around us about what Mr.Rothbard just said. With laws against DUI, whats being criminalized? Not reckless driving as such. Not aggression against anyone. Whats being criminalized is the chemical makeup of the blood in your body. That its self should be no crime. But some people say that drinking is associated with bad driving. Well, enforce the laws against reckless driving then lawmakers in the United States Of America. Laws against drunk driving have vastly expanded police power and done nothing to stop the practice. Over 97% of Americans view drunk driving as a threat to their lives and families lives. Unfortunately, most of us are unaware of what can happen to the victims of drunk drivers. Well if a drinking drivers BAC is over the limit of 0.08 his or he licenses may be suspended or revoked from a week to years. Also a convicted drunk driver may face fines and jail time and increased insurance costs and attorney fees, court costs lost time from work and penalties that vary from state to state. First thing anyone can do is make the choice themselves to not drink and drive. Most people who want to or need to go to rehab sometimes it works and sometimes it is very worthless to them and their families and the cost it is to try and make things better to try to be sober for as long as he or she can be. Did I mention that you can go to jail for drinking while driving. Zero tolerance laws are even tougher on underage drunk drivers. Young adult, under 21 years of age, can lose their licenses for a full year if they are found to have consumed even a small amount of alcohol. According to 2009 drunk driving statistics there were 10,839 traffic fatalities in alcohol-impaired-drivi ng crashes. Even though drunk drivers face jail time when he or she gets out of jail he or she dont hesitate to get right behind the wheel and start to drive again. What is the opposing side of this issue of should people who are caught drunk driving lose their licenses for a year? People who drive drunk think that the drinking while drunk should not be abolished at all. Then the man or woman refuse to go to rehab to become sober for a while so he or she can learn to drink a moderate amount of alcohol so he or she wont become drunk from drinking to much. If youre drunk have one of your friends take you home or call for an uber or get on a RTA bus or call a taxi. Why shouldnt we drink and drive? We shouldnt drink and drive because it often leads to motor vehicle accidents due to the facts that alcohol can impair your vision and driving skills overall. Although traffic fatalities have been on the decline in recent years, alcohol related crashes still kill about 10,000 people per year in the United States with alcohol a factor in one of three vehicle deaths. Even though there are warnings public awareness and educational programs stiffer penalties for violations, people will still get behind the wheel of their vehicles while intoxicated with alcohol in there system. Child endangerment, drunk driving while there are little kids or teenagers can give the kids a bad idea that it is a good thing to drive while drunk thats a bad impression on the kids and teenagers. So the parents need to make a decision that if theyre going to have children in the car that they are going to have a good impression on the kids so the kids know that drunk driving is bad and that if you are driving drunk you could kill someone or get hurt really bad where they have to stay in a hospital for a few weeks until they recover from there injurie. Do more arrests have an effect? The la in the United States and throughout the world clearly declares that people should not drive while drunk. An estimated 500 to 2,000 drunk drivers incidents go unpenalized, although more arrests are made for drunk driving in Amercia than for any other offnese and significant sums are spent on enforcement. An increased risk of arrest can signifiacant reduce drunk driving.

Explain The 4 Ps Of Marketing - 1194 Words

Marketing Marketing is the process where goods and services move from concept to the customer. It includes the coordination of four elements called the 4 P s of marketing. These 4 P’s include product, price, place and promotion. Marketing Objectives Marketing objectives are the group of targets set by a business when promoting its products/services to potential customer that should be achieved within a given amount of time. A company s marketing objectives for a particular product might include increasing product awareness among targeted consumers, providing information about product features, and reducing consumer resistance to buying the product. The Marketing Concept This is the philosophy that firms should analyse the needs of their†¦show more content†¦However, these managers are sometimes caught up in a love affair with their product and do not realize what the market needs. The Selling Concept is another common business orientation. It holds that consumers and businesses will ordinarily not buy enough of the selling company’s products if they are left alone. The organization must, therefore, undertake an aggressive selling and promotion effort. This concept assumes that consumers typically show buying resistance and must be persuaded into buying. It also believes that the company has a lot of ways for effective selling and promotional tools to increase sales. Most firms practice the selling concept when they have overcapacity. The Marketing Concept. This is a business philosophy that challenges all of the other business concepts. It says that its organizational aims consists of the company being more effective than their competitors in creating, delivering, and communicating customer value to its target customers. Business Objectives Business is an organization or economic system where goods and services are exchanged for one another or for money. Every business requires a certain form of investment and enough customers to whom its output can be sold on a consistent basis in to make a profit. A specific result that a business aims to achieve within a time frame and with available resources. The business objectives set by these companies should be ‘SMART’, this stands for: SpecificShow MoreRelatedEssay on Marketing and Case Study1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof the marketing concept. 2. Explain Britvic’s micro and macro environment. 3. Explain why market research and the information gathered are important to an organisation like Britvic. 4. Explain how Britvic might collect and use market research information. Include one quantitative and one qualitative research technique in your response.  5. Explain the process of marketing segmentation and targeting and the benefits of segmentation and targeting to Britvic. 6. 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Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear Free Essays

string(63) " production of highly regarded binoculars, with a few changes\." SENSE OF SIGHT†¦. The eyes are sensory organs. They keep the brain updated with information about is what happening around the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both contain millions of tiny sensors that send messages along nerves to the brain. Sensors in the eyes respond to light and, through the brain, let us see the world. Sensors in the skin respond to touch and allows us to feel. * * * * The seeing eye†¦ Light enters the eye through the clear cornea. It then passes through the pupil and is focused by the lens on the retina. This thin layer covers the back of the eye and contains cells that are sensitive to light. When light hits the cells, they send signals to the brain. There, the signals are turned into pictures so we can see. Telescope†¦ A  telescope  is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation  (such as  visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the  Netherlands  at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy. Within a few decades, the  reflecting telescope  was invented, which used mirrors. In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including  radio telescopes  in the 1930s and  infrared telescopes  in the 1960s. The word  telescope  now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the  electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors. History†¦ The earliest recorded working telescopes were the  refracting telescopes  that appeared in the Netherlands  in 1608. Their development is credited to three individuals:  Hans Lippershey  and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and  Jacob Metius  of Alkmaar. 4]  Galileo  heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month,[5]  and greatly improved upon the design in the following year. The idea that the  objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope. [6]  The potential advan tages of using  parabolic mirrors—reduction of  spherical aberration  and no  chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build  reflecting telescopes. 7]  In 1668,  Isaac Newton  built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the  Newtonian reflector. The invention of the  achromatic lens  in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing  speculum metal  mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857,[8]  and aluminized mirrors in 1932. 9]  The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40  inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10  m (33  feet). The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from  radio  to  gamma-rays. The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937. Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed. How to use†¦ * Find an area where the items you wish to view aren’t obstructed by trees to set up your telescope so that you get a clear view of the sky. * Look to see if your telescope has a polar axis. If it does, it will track whatever you are looking at. If you have a telescope with a polar axis, follow your manufacturer’s directions on how to align the polar axis and the finder scope. * Select the eyepiece with the lowest magnification that you have. Always start with the lowest magnification eyepiece until you become more experienced in using your telescope. Locate the item in the night sky that you wish to observe and focus in on it. Move the planet or star you are viewing as close to the center of the field of view in the eyepiece as possible. * Remove the low magnification eyepiece and replace it with an eyepiece with a higher magnification. * Readjust the alignment of the telescope when the planet or star drifts out of view if you have a manual telescope mount. * Continue in this manner, observing different visible planets and stars. Binoculars †¦ Binoculars,  field glasses  or  binocular telescopes  are a pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical  telescopes  mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from  opera glasses  to large pedestal mounted military models. Many different abbreviations are used for binoculars, including  glasses, nocs ,noculars ,  binos  and  bins. Unlike a (monocular) telescope, binoculars give users a three-dimensional image: for nearer objects the two views, presented to ach of the viewer’s eyes from slightly different viewpoints, produce a merged view with an  impression of depth. History †¦ No sooner was the telescope invented in than the early 1600s than did astronomers get the idea of mounting two of them together, effectively inventing the first binoculars. Galileo (who is often falsely credited with having invented binoculars) adapted an earlier design, using optics that combined convex and concave lenses to create a magnifying effect just like that used today in the cheapest nonprismatic glasses marketed for sports or theater viewing, or for use by children. In the mid-1850s, Ignazio Porro of Italy patented a design using two prisms constructed in a Z shape to present the viewer with an image that not only is better magnified, but has depth. The Porro prism design was followed a few decades later by the roof prism, in which the prisms are constructed in one unit. Soon, binoculars were adapted for military use, and were employed during the Civil War. Quality made a big jump around the turn of the 19th century, and continued to be refined in the early 1900s. With the advent of World War II, more manufacturers entered the binoculars market, including, in the United States, Bausch ; Lomb. Germany continued with its production of highly regarded binoculars, with a few changes. You read "Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear" in category "Essay examples" For example, Zeiss, one of the top names in binoculars, experienced a confusing shift, with a new factory established in East Germany under Russian control with the Zeiss name while another factory named Zeiss was began exporting from West Germany, according to a history in the 1961 book Binoculars and Scopes and Their Uses in Photography, by Robert J. and Elsa Reichert. Japan exports binoculars via various manufacturers, and some U. S. ompanies import Japanese-made binoculars but sell them under the U. S. company name. How to use†¦ * Put the binocular strap around your neck. Wearing the neck-strap gives you the ability to use both hands while you are using the binoculars. * Adjust the barrels of the binoculars — each side you look into — to the width of your face. Generally, all you need to do i s move the barrels closer together or further apart as you hold the binoculars up to your eyes. If you have adjusted the binoculars correctly, you should not see a black â€Å"border† when you look through the eyepieces. Locate the central focus wheel, usually in the middle of the two barrels of the binoculars. Turn the wheel slowly as you look at a particular object in the distance to get the best focus for your eyes. * Fine-tune your viewing even more if you have a diopter focus mechanism on your binoculars. Not all binoculars have this focus element, which helps compensate for the difference in vision that you might experience in each of your eyes. The diopter focus adjustment wheel is usually on the right-hand barrel. * Keep both eyes open as you view your target objects. You might need to re-focus from time to time. * Clean your binoculars after using them. A soft, damp cloth is sufficient for the body of the binoculars. Treated tissue paper used to clean cameras and eye glasses is safe for wiping the lenses. Store binoculars in their carrying case when you’re not using them. Microscope †¦ A  microscope  (from the  Ancient Greek:   ,  mikros, â€Å"small† and   ,  skopein, â€Å"to look† or â€Å"see†) is an  instrument  used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called  microscopy . Microscopic  means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is theoptical microscope  which uses  light  to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the  electron microscope  (both the  transmission electron microscope  and the  scanning electron microscope) and the various types of  scanning probe microscope History †¦ The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. An early microscope was made in 1590 in  Middelburg, Netherlands. 1]  Two  eyeglass  makers are variously given credit:  Hans Lippershey   (who developed an early  telescope) and  Zacharias Janssen. Giovanni Faber  coined the namemicroscope   for  Galileo Galilei’s compound microscope in 1625  [2]  (Galileo had called it the â€Å"occhiolino† or â€Å"little eye†). How to useâ⠂¬ ¦. * When moving your microscope, always carry it with both hands (Figure 1, below). Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other hand under the base for support. * Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power objective lens is â€Å"clicked† into position (This is also the shortest objective lens). Your microscope slide should be prepared with a coverslip or cover glass over the specimen. This will help protect the objective lenses if they touch the slide. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. You can push down on the back end of the stage clip to open it. * Look at the objective lens and the stage from the side (Figure 2) and turn the coarse focus knob so that the objective lens moves downward (or the stage, if it moves, goes upward). Move it as far as it will go  without touching the slide! * 5. Now, look through the eyepiece and adjust the illuminator (or mirror) and diaphragm (Figure 3) for the greatest amount of light. | | | * Slowly turn the coarse adjustment so that the objective lens goes  up  (away from the slide). Continue until the image comes into focus. Use the fine adjustment, if available, for fine focusing. If you have a microscope with a moving stage, then turn the coarse knob so the stage moves downward or away from the objective lens. * Move the microscope slide around so that the image is in the center of the field of view and readjust the mirror, illuminator or diaphragm for the clearest image. Now, you should be able to change to the next objective lenses with only minimal use of the focusing adjustment. Use the fine adjustment, if available. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 4 through 7 with the higher power objective lens in place. Do not allow the objective lens to touch the slide! * The proper way to use a monocular microscope is to look through the eyepiece with one eye and keep the other eye open (this helps avoid eye strain). If you have to close one eye when looking into the microscope, it’s ok. Remember, everything is upside down and backwards. When you move the slide to the right, the image goes to the left! * Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. Use only special lens paper to clean the lenses. * When finished, raise the tube (or lower the stage), click the low power lens into position and remove the slide. * Always keep your microscope covered when not in use. Submarine†¦ A  submarine  is a  watercraft  capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a  submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term submarine most commonly refers to a large crewed autonomous vessel. However, historically or colloquially, submarine can also refer to medium-sized or smaller vessels (midget submarines,  wet subs),  remotely operated vehiclesor  robots. The adjective  submarine, in terms such as  submarine cable, means â€Å"under the sea†. The noun  submarine  evolved as a shortened form of  submarine boat(and is often further shortened to  sub). [1]  For reasons of  naval traditionsubmarines are usually referred to as â€Å"boats† rather than as â€Å"ships†, regardless of their size. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies. Submarines were first widely used during  World War I  (1914–1918) and now figure in many large  navies. Military usage includes attacking enemy surface ships or submarines,  aircraft carrier  protection,  blockaderunning,  ballistic missile submarines  as part of a nuclear strike force,  reconnaissance, conventional land attack (for example using acruise missile), and covert insertion of  special forces. Civilian uses for submarines include  marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or  undersea cable  repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for  undersea archaeology. Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (and/or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines this structure is the â€Å"sail† in American usage, and â€Å"fin† in European usage. A â€Å"conning tower† was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear and various hydrodynamic control fins as well as ballast tanks. Smaller, deep diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines have one of the largest ranges of capabilities in any vessel, ranging from small autonomous examples to one- or two-person vessels operating for a few hours, to vessels which can remain submerged for 6 months such as the  Russian  Typhoon class  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the biggest submarines ever built and in use. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human  divers. Modern deep diving submarines are derived from the  bathyscaphe, which in turn was an evolution of the  diving bell. History†¦ The first submersible of which we have reliable information on its construction was built in 1620 by  Cornelius Drebbel, a  Dutchman  in the service of  James I of England. It was created to the standards of the design outlined by English mathematician  William Bourne. It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the  Thames  between 1620 and 1624. In 2002 a two-person version of Bourne’s design was built for the  BBC  TV programme  Building the Impossible  by  Mark Edwards, and successfully rowed under water at  Dorney Lake,  Eton. Though the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water, it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential. The strategic advantages of submarines were set out by Bishop  John Wilkins  of  Chester, England, in  Mathematicall Magick  in 1648: 1. This private: a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly, without discovery or prevented in his journey. 2. This safe, from the uncertainty of Tides, and the violence of Tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages; from ice and great frost, which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles. 3. It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies, who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up. 4. It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water. 5. It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiment How it work†¦ The adaptations and inventions that allow sailors to not only fight a battle, but also live for months or even years underwater are some of the most brilliant developments in military history. In this article, you will see how a submarine dives and surfaces in the water, how life support is maintained, how the submarine gets its power, how a submarine finds its way in the deep ocean and how submarines might be rescued. Ultrasound scanning device†¦ Ultrasound  is a cyclic  sound  pressure wave with a  frequency  greater than the upper limit of the human  hearing range. Ultrasound is thus not separated from â€Å"normal† (audible) sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20  kilohertz  (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20  kHz up to several gigahertz. Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasonic imaging (sonography) is used in human and veterinary medicine. In non-destructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning and for mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Organisms such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Ultrasonics  is the application of  ultrasound. Ultrasound can be used for imaging, detection, measurement, and cleaning. At higher power levels ultrasonics are useful for changing the chemical  . History †¦ Acoustics, the science of sound, starts as far back as  Pythagoras  in the 6th century BC, who wrote on the mathematical properties of stringed instruments. Sir  Francis Galton  constructed  a whistle  producing ultrasound in 1893. The first technological application of ultrasound was an attempt to detect icebergs by  Paul Langevin  in 1917. The  piezoelectric effect  discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 was useful in transducers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves in air and water. [2]  Echolocation  in bats was discovered byLazzaro Spallanzani  in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound and not vision. How it works†¦ There are many reasons to get an ultrasound. Perhaps you’re pregnant, and your obstetrician wants you to have an ultrasound to check on the developing baby or determine the due date. Maybe you’re having problems with blood  circulation in a limb or your heart, and your doctor has requested a Doppler ultrasound to look at the blood flow. Ultrasound has been a popular medical imaging technique for many years. Ultrasound  or  ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by  submarines. In this article, we’ll look at how ultrasound works, what type of ultrasound techniques are vailable and what each technique can be used for. Magnifying glass†¦ A  magnifying glass  (called a  hand lens  in laboratory contexts) is a  convex lens  that is used to produce a  magnified  image  of an object. The  lens  is usually mounted in a frame with a handle (see image). A  sheet magnifier  consists of many very narrow concentric ring-shaped lenses, such that the combination a cts as a single lens but is much thinner. This arrangement is known as aFresnel lens. The magnifying glass is an icon of  detective fiction, particularly that of  Sherlock Holmes. History †¦ The earliest evidence of â€Å"a magnifying device, a convex lens forming a magnified image† was Aristophanes’s â€Å"lens†, from 424 BC, a glass globe filled with water. (Seneca  wrote that it could be used to read letters â€Å"no matter how small or dim†). [1]  Roger Bacon  described the properties of a magnifying glass in 13th-century  England. Eyeglasses  were developed in 13th-century  Italy. How it works†¦ The  magnification  of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user’s eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The  magnifying power  is equivalent to  angular magnification  (this should not be confused with  optical power, which is a different quantity). The magnifying power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the user’s retina with and without the lens. [3]  For the â€Å"without† case, it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as close to the eye as possible without it becoming blurry. This point, known as the  near point,  varies with age. In a young child it can be as close as 5  cm, while in an elderly person it may be as far as one or two metres. Magnifiers are typically characterized using a â€Å"standard† value of 0. 25  m. The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens very close to the eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best  focus. The object will then typically also be close to the lens. Sense of hearing†¦ Hearing,  auditory perception, or  audition  is the ability to perceive  sound  by detectingvibrations,  changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the  ear. Sound may be heard through  solid,  liquid, or  gaseous  matter. It is one of the traditional five  senses. The inability to hear is called  deafness. In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the  auditory system: vibrations are detected by the  ear  and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the  brain  (primarily in the  temporal lobe). Like  touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation. Stethoscope †¦ The  stethoscope  is an acoustic  medical  device for  auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. It is often used to listen to lung and  heart sounds. It is also used to listen to  intestines  and blood flow in  arteries  and  veins. In combination with asphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for measurements of  blood pressure. Less commonly, â€Å"mechanic’s stethoscopes† are used to listen to internal sounds made by machines, such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its internal parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for leaks, and for various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks. A stethoscope that intensifies auscultatory sounds is called  phonendoscope. History†¦ The stethoscope was invented in  France  in 1816 by  Rene Laennec  at the  Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital  in  Paris. [1]  It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural. His device was similar to the common  ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a â€Å"microphone†. The first flexible stethoscope of any sort may have been a binaural instrument with articulated joints not very clearly described in 1829. 2]  In 1840,Golding Bird  described a stethoscope he had been using with a flexible tube. Bird was the first to publish a description of such a stethoscope but he noted in his paper the prior existence of an earlier design (which he thought was of little utility) which he described as the snake ear trumpet. Bird’s stethoscope ha d a single earpiece. [3]  In 1851, Irish physician Arthur Leared invented a binaural stethoscope, and in 1852 George Cammann perfected the design of the instrument for commercial production, which has become the standard ever since. Cammann also wrote a major treatise on diagnosis by auscultation, which the refined binaural stethoscope made possible. By 1873, there were descriptions of a differential stethoscope that could connect to slightly different locations to create a slight stereo effect, though this did not become a standard tool in clinical practice. The medical historian  Jacalyn Duffin  has argued that the invention of the stethoscope marked a major step in the redefinition of disease from being a bundle of symptoms, to the current sense of a disease as a problem with an anatomical system even if there are no noticeable symptoms. This re-conceptualiization occurred in part, Duffin argues, because prior to the stethoscopes, there were no non-lethal instruments for exploring internal anatomy. [4] Rappaport and Sprague designed a new stethoscope in the 1940s, which became the standard by which other stethoscopes are measured, consisting of two sides, one of which is used for the respiratory system, the other for the cardiovascular system. The Rappaport-Sprague was later made by  Hewlett-Packard. HP’s medical products division was spun off as part of Agilent Technologies, Inc. , where it became Agilent Healthcare. Agilent Healthcare was purchased byPhilips  which became Philips Medical Systems, before the walnut-boxed, $300, original Rappaport-Sprague stethoscope was finally abandoned ca. 2004, along with Philips’ brand (manufactured by Andromed, of Montreal, Canada) electronic stethoscope model. The Rappaport-Sprague model stethoscope was heavy and short (18–24  in (46–61  cm)) with an antiquated appearance recognizable by their two large independent latex rubber tubes connecting an exposed-leaf-spring-joined-pair of opposing â€Å"f†-shaped chrome-plated brass binaural ear tubes with a dual-head chest piece. How to use†¦ * Clean off the earpieces before placing the stethoscope into your ears, especially if others share it or you seldom use it. In the hospital, earpieces are wiped with alcohol prep swabs. * Hold the chest piece between your palms to warm it before placing it on a person’s chest. Thirty seconds is usually long enough to remove the chill. * Place the stethoscope into your ears. * Hold the chest piece in your hand. With the other hand, tap a finger against the chest piece and listen. Many stethoscopes have reversible heads, which can be incompletely swiveled and block sound. Grip the chest piece between your middle and index fingers to provide firm contact with the skin. * To minimize extraneous noises, avoid touching or rubbing the tubing or chest piece against clothing, bedcovers or hair. * Place the chest piece onto the part of the body you want to listen to. For the heart, this is a few inches above the left nipple. You should hear a steady â€Å"lub dub. â €  This is known as the apical pulse. * Store your stethoscope so that the tubing isn’t kinked when you put it away. In hospitals, when stethoscopes are not being used, they’re generally hung by their earpieces so that the tubing can dangle freely. Loudhailer†¦ A  megaphone,  speaking-trumpet,  bullhorn,  blowhorn, or  loud hailer  is a portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped  acoustic horn  used to  amplify  a person’s voice or othersounds  and direct it in a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it, and the sound waves radiate out the wide end. The megaphone increases the volume of sound by increasing the  acoustic impedance  seen by the  vocal cords,  matching  the impedance of the vocal cords to the air, so that more sound power is radiated. It also serves to direct the sound waves in the direction the horn is pointing. It somewhat distorts the sound of the voice because thefrequency response  of the megaphone is greater at higher sound  frequencies. Since the 1970s the voice-powered  acoustic megaphone  described above has been replaced by theelectric megaphone, which uses electric power to  amplify  the voice. History†¦ The initial inventor of the speaking trumpet is a subject of historical controversy, as both  Samuel Morland  and  Athanasius Kircher  lay claim to the device. Morland, in a work published in 1655, wrote about his experimentation with different horns and his most successful variant. This loudest horn was made of over 20 feet of copper and could supposedly project vocalizations as far as a mile and a half. [1] Twenty years earlier, Kircher described a device that could be used for both broadcasting on one end and â€Å"overhearing† on the other. His coiled horn would be wedged into the side of a building, connecting a speaker or listener inside with the surrounding environment. Morland favored a straight, tube-shaped speaking device, where an initial sound would reverberate in waves through the instrument and gradually become louder. Kircher’s horn, on the other hand, utilized a â€Å"cochleate† design, where the horn was twisted and coiled, unlike Morland’s design. A later,  papier-mache  trumpet of special design was the Sengerphone. [2] The term ‘megaphone’ was first associated with  Thomas Edison’s instrument 200 years later. In 1878, Edison developed a device similar to the speaking trumpet in hopes of benefiting the deaf and hard of hearing. His variation included three separate funnels lined up in a row. The two outer funnels, which were six feet and eight inches long, were made of paper and connected to a tube inserted in each ear. The middle funnel was similar to Morland’s speaking trumpet, but had a larger slot to insert a user’s mouth. [3] With Edison’s megaphone, a low whisper could be heard a thousand feet away, while a normal tone of voice could be heard roughly two miles away. On the listening end, the receiver could hear a low whisper at a thousand feet away. However the apparatus was much too large to be portable, limiting its use. George Prescott wrote: â€Å"The principal drawback at present is the large size of the apparatus. † Since the 1960s acoustic megaphones have generally been replaced by electric versions  (below), although the cheap, light, rugged acoustic megaphone is still used in a few venues, like cheering at sporting events,  cheerleading, and by  lifeguards  at pools and beaches where the moisture could damage the electronics of electric megaphones. How to use†¦ * Hold the megaphone several inches from your mouth with the small end toward you and the large end away from you. * Point the large end of the megaphone toward the crowd you wish to exhort. Speak loudly or shout into the small end. * Wait for the crowd’s response, then repeat Step 3 as necessary. Sonar†¦ Sonar  (originally an  acronym  for  Sound  Navigation  And  Ranging) is a technique that uses  sound  propagation (usually underwater, as in  submarine navigation) to  navigate, co mmunicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name â€Å"sonar†:  passive  sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels;  active  sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of  acoustic location  and of measurement of the echo characteristics of â€Å"targets† in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of  radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and  SODAR  (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term  sonar  is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as  underwater acoustics  orhydroacoustics. History†¦ Although some animals (dolphins and bats) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water is initially recorded by  Leonardo Da Vinci  in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube. [1] In the 19th century an underwater bell was used as an ancillary to  lighthouses  to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to ‘echo locate’ underwater in the same way as  bats  use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the  Titanic  disaster of 1912. The world’s first  patent  for an underwater echo ranging device was filed at the British  Patent Office  by English meteorologist  Lewis Richardson  a month after the sinking of the Titanic,[2]  and a German physicist  Alexander Behm  obtained a patent for an echo sounder in 1913. The Canadian engineer  Reginald Fessenden, while working for the Submarine Signal Company in Boston, built an experimental system beginning in 1912, a system later tested in Boston Harbor, and finally in 1914 from the U. S. Revenue (now Coast Guard) Cutter Miami on the  Grand Banks  off  Newfoundland  Canada. 2][3]  In that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications (Morse Code) and echo ranging (detecting an iceberg at two miles (3  km) range). [4][5]  The so-called  Fessenden  oscillator, at ca. 500  Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the berg due to the 3 metre wavelength and the small dimension of the transduce r’s radiating face (less than 1 metre in diameter). The ten  Montreal-built  British H class submarines  launched in 1915 were equipped with aFessenden oscillator. [6] During  World War I  the need to detect  submarines  prompted more research into the use of sound. The British made early use of underwater hydrophones, while the French physicist  Paul Langevin, working with a Russian immigrant electrical engineer,  Constantin Chilowski, worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915 using quartz. Although  piezoelectricand magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the  electrostatic  transducers they used, this work influenced future designs. Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for  hydrophones  (acousto-electric transducers for in-water use), while  Terfenol-D  and PMN (lead magnesium niobate) have been developed for projectors. How to use†¦ * Install the transmitter. You’ll usually have a choice between mounting the transmitter beneath the boat, to a trolling motor or atop the interior hull and letting it drop into the water. * Set the fish finding sonar’s sensitivity while watching the display. When the sensitivity is too high, there will be static-like patterns on the display. If the sensitivity is too low, not even the bottom of the body of the water will appear on screen. * 3 * Determine the depth of the body of water. This will be a numeric value on the fish finder sonar system’s display. This is important in helping you to determine how much fishing line to feed out from your pole. * Get accustomed to the display’s representation of the body of water. The bottom will appear as a jagged, solid line near the bottom of your display. The surface of the water appears as a jumbled static-filled horizontal line at the top of your fish finder sonar system’s display. * Learn to identify patterns on your display that are brush piles if you’re fishing on a lake. Brush piles appear as blobs resting on the lake bottom. Fish such as bass hide out in brush piles, so consider fishing near these echoes. * Learn how to identify fish on your fish finder sonar system display with the fish symbols turned off. With the symbols turned off, fish appear as short curved lines above the bottom of the body of water. Adjust the fish finder sonar’s noise filter if there are lines in your display that look like random static. * Remember what the fish finder sonar display was indicating when you catch a fish. This will help you to learn how to use your system to catch more fish later if you keep in mind what to look for. How to cite Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear, Essay examples

Mephisto Products free essay sample

He started first to manufacture safety devices for his father-in-low and then grow wider because he believed in his product and he introduce it on the market focusing on chemical industry only, but for that needed a plan to penetrate the market. Because the customers did not know about his product and they were not aware of such a device might be needed for their mechanisms a team of salesman’s took the product and successfully sales it over the country. Also started to do some advertising and promotions from some parts of his profits, for a while there were some discounts for larger orders to make potential customers buy the product but Watkinson’s philosophy was: ‘If they want the product badly enough they will wait for it’, as well as: ‘Why offer discounts for larger quantities – if they did not want that many they will not order them. ’ During for five years the business was very successfully, but unlikely its market share dropped drastic when on the market new competition arrived with more innovative products. We will write a custom essay sample on Mephisto Products or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now Jim Bullins the senior executive at Mephisto decided is time for a new marketing director to come aboard. What Mephisto Is looking to accomplish with a new marketing director is to establish, expand and maintain relationships with customers and partners. Defined by (AMA 2007): Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. Defined by (CIM 2001): Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. The marketing manager has to create a plan that shows all the steps that needs to be undertaken to achieve the business marketing objectives. That plan has to include and not to be limited to: The demand of product and services, a description of its competitors and a stand point of the business and its competitors for their strengths and weaknesses. Also is important to include a description of the product and services rendered with possible future improvements. -An advertising, promotional and loyalty program plan included in the marketing budget. -A pricing strategy. Mephisto believed its product is unique and high quality, which that makes it superior and customers will like it and buy it straight away. The problem on this approach is that’s not enough for a product to be superior to sell out, unless you satisfy the clients with what they want and what they need. Mephisto should have done a marketing research to help them see what is going on into their marketing environment, like what the customers think about their product, how are their needs changing, the competitors strategies and in which way macro and micro environment affects the business. When realised sales dropped down the company should take in consideration an improvement to the product and some updates to try and stay ahead on the market and not fall beyond their competitors. Benefits of marketing orientation for Mephisto: Is the focus on the customer and their needs and this is just the first step.